Unmanned aerial vehicles are no longer confined to the pilot’s line of sight. Today’s drone programs, from infrastructure inspection across deserts to search and rescue in the Arctic, depend on rock solid, global data links. Satellite connectivity has gone from “nice to have” to mission critical, but integrating it brings a fresh set of challenges: regulatory approvals for BVLOS, SWaP trade-offs inside a tiny airframe, keeping latency low for real time piloting, and building in fail-safe handovers when the sky gets crowded.

In this guide, we tackle the questions drone manufacturers ask most often. We’ll show you how to:

 

Click on the above links to jump straight to your top concern, or read straight through for an end-to-end blueprint. Let’s get you connected.

Q: What Makes BVLOS so Challenging, and How Can Satellite Connectivity Help?

A: Flying Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) introduces several core challenges which satellite connectivity can help mitigate using commercially available, aviation-tested technologies. The insights below draw on findings from Iridium’s excellent white paper, Monitored BVLOS Operations & Safe Separation, which we highly recommend reading in full.

1. Detect and Avoid (DAA)

Challenge: Drones must detect and steer clear of nearby aircraft, especially in non-segregated airspace.

Satellite role: By integrating Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) avionics such as ADS-B In, and using satellite communications to deliver traffic data to the RPIC, operators can enhance situational awareness and support onboard or ground-based DAA strategies, even in regions with no ground infrastructure.

2. Reliable Command & Control (C2)

Challenge: Maintaining a robust, real-time command link is critical, but VHF is unavailable in remote areas and LTE coverage is patchy.

Satellite role: Iridium L-band communication links deliver consistent, uninterrupted C2 performance, even in remote and hostile environments where terrestrial networks fail. In test flights, satellite C2 links proved more reliable and continuous than LTE. Aircraft with dual independent L-band satcom systems also gain redundancy, ensuring control is maintained even if one link fails.

3. Communication with Air Traffic Control (ATC) and Other Aircraft

Challenge: Drones operating in controlled airspace still need to maintain communication with ATC and be aware of other traffic, even without VHF.

Satellite role: COTS satcom solutions can be used to maintain communication between RPICs and ATC where ground-based VHF isn’t an option. Integrating technologies such as ADS-B In and Out over satellite provides RPICs with the same traffic visibility expected of crewed IFR flights.

4. Regulatory and Certification Barriers

Challenge: Aircraft type certification processes were built for decades-long product cycles, not fast-evolving drone platforms. A 36 month certification timeline often means that core systems (e.g. batteries, avionics) are outdated by the time certification is complete.

Satellite role: While waiting for certification frameworks to catch up, drone operators can pursue BVLOS waivers for specific missions. Embedding a standardized Minimum Equipment List (MEL) of proven, COTS avionics and satcom hardware strengthens the case for safe, monitored BVLOS operations and supports a more scalable path toward regulatory approval.

Q: How Can I Integrate Satellite Connectivity Into My Drone Without Compromising on Size, Weight, or Power?

A: Thanks to ongoing improvements in satellite IoT hardware, it’s now possible to integrate satellite connectivity into a drone without breaking your SWaP budget, but there are trade-offs. Smaller, lighter, message-based modules like RockBLOCK 9603 and 9704 are ideal for sending telemetry or basic commands with minimal power draw. However, if your application demands real-time command and control, you’ll need a larger, IP-capable device like the RockREMOTE Mini OEM, which delivers more functionality, but at a higher cost in power and space.

1. Managing the SWaP Budget for Satellite Modules

Fortunately for UAV manufacturers, satellite IoT modules have been on a smaller, lighter, lower-power draw trajectory for several years, so it’s not usually difficult to find a module that will fit into your enclosure. Our most popular device is the RockBLOCK 9603, weighing just 36 g (1.27 oz) and measuring 45 x 45 x 15 mm. This incorporates a patch antenna, but because it usually sits within a metal enclosure, an external antenna is often deployed.

 

However, there are trade-offs between module size and capability. RockBLOCK 9603 utilizes Iridium’s Short Burst Data service (SBD), which is suitable for some drone applications, but not all.

It works well as a failover means of communication in the event that the primary means of communciation (usually radio) drops; to transmit the drone’s position, altitude and speed, and to issue basic commands (go to the nearest rally point; go home; terminate flight etc.).

If you simply need to send more data – for example, compressed images or multiple sensor readings – RockBLOCK 9704, which utilizes Iridium Messaging Transport (IMT), delivers much larger data packets, and is similarly small and light (35 g / 48 x 52 x 16 mm for the SMA – external antenna – option).

Both of these solutions are message-based, however, which makes them less suited to real-time command and control of your UAV. For this purpose you need an IP-based transmission, and that means both a larger device, which draws more power.

RockBLOCK-being-used-in-UAV

2. Trade-Offs Between Module Size, Transmit Power, and Battery Life

An IP-based connection enables near real-time communication, making it ideal for applications like command and control, or remote diagnostics. However, this comes at a cost: IP-based modules require more processing power, memory, and a more complex operating system, which increases both size and power consumption. They also transmit higher volumes of data, which typically requires more energy per transmission.

Our recommended hardware for an IP-based connection is RockREMOTE Mini OEM, as this utilizes both the Iridium Certus 100 airtime service, running at 22/88 Kbps, and Iridium Messaging Transport, giving you the option to save power and potentially costs by transmitting some data in a packet format, and reserving the IP connection for real-time applications. It’s also one of, if not *the*, smallest and lightest options for UAV IP communication.

Q: How do I Manage Latency When Designing Satellite Connectivity for Drones?

A: LEO satellites offer low latency – typically 0.5 – 1.5 seconds for IP-based services – making them ideal for real time drone control, while message-based protocols (around 10 seconds latency) are better suited to delay-tolerant data like location or telemetry. GEO satellites add more delay due to distance, but can still be effective for non-urgent communications.

Latency – the time it takes for your data to do the trip from your drone to your application – is chiefly governed by the satellite orbit height. Simply, the further away from Earth the orbit, the longer the latency. Satellite networks in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), including Iridium and Starlink, are between 160 and 2,000 km above Earth, and the typical round-trip latency for an IP-based service like Iridium Certus 100 is between 500 – 1,500 milliseconds (0.5 – 1.5 seconds). This makes LEO services ideal for time-sensitive operations like piloting or real time alerts.

It’s worth noting that LEO round-trip latency is longer for a message-based service – around 10 seconds – because the message is queued, then forwarded to a ground station, vs. an always-on transmission model. So, for drone applications, message-based protocols are better suited to delay-tolerant applications (location, altitude, speed; basic commands; failover comms), reserving IP-based connectivity for real time command and control, or live diagnostics.

Satellite Orbit Heights Diagram 2024

Satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO) are 35,786 km above Earth; because they’re so much further away, they can ‘see’ much more of the Earth’s surface, so fewer satellites are needed to provide wide coverage. The latency is longer – c. 2 seconds for an IP-based connection such as Viasat IoT Pro, and longer for a message-based solution such as Viasat IoT Nano – because the data has to travel further. However, if you can bake in some latency tolerance into your application, or simply reserve this means of communication for less time-sensitive telemetry, this offers an economical and often very stable means of communication.

Q: Is Satellite Connectivity Financially Viable for Drone Operations?

A: Satellite airtime can be tailored to match drone usage patterns and fleet scale, using flexible subscription models with clear pricing. For many drone operators, particularly those flying BVLOS or in low connectivity areas, satellite becomes cost effective with just 10 – 20 flight hours per month, especially when uptime is mission critical.

Flexible Subscription Models

Recognising that unmanned applications like drones are a key growth market, satellite network operators like Iridium offer increasingly diversified options for airtime. Ground Control, as a long-term Iridium partner, can offer UAV manufacturers and users monthly subscriptions, pay‑as‑you‑go, or annual commitments – all with transparent pricing and volume discounts for larger operations. Operators using existing Certus 100-compatible hardware can activate airtime instantly through Ground Control, simplifying deployment.

When Does Satcom Pay Off?

Although detailed cost breakdowns vary by mission profile, satellite connectivity often becomes cost effective at a relatively modest flight tempo. If your missions involve command/control, telemetry, or operations beyond cellular coverage, satellite ensures reliability that terrestrial networks can’t guarantee. With real time capabilities over Iridium Certus 100 and competitive airtime pricing, operational risk reduction often justifies the cost within 10 – 20 flight hours per month.

Read More About Satcoms For Drones

Connecting Drones Beyond Terrestrial Coverage

Satellite connectivity makes it possible to operate UAVs far beyond the reach of terrestrial networks, but integrating it requires thoughtful design. From managing size, weight and power to understanding latency, throughput and cost, this post outlines the key considerations for adding satcom to your drone system.

If you’re developing a satcom-enabled drone, our team can help you find the right hardware and airtime for your mission. Email hello@groundcontrol.com or complete the form, and we’ll be in touch within one working day.

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Flying drones Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) is the new frontier for commercial and industrial operations. Whether you’re surveying expansive agricultural lands, monitoring critical infrastructure, or conducting environmental research in remote regions, reliable connectivity is the linchpin for mission success. Recognizing this need, we’re excited to unveil Iridium Certus 100 aeronautical airtime plans tailored specifically for drone applications.

Why Satellite Connectivity Matters for BVLOS

Traditional RF and cellular networks may falter once a drone ventures beyond visual range, leading to dropped links, latency spikes, and potential safety hazards. To mitigate these risks, many aviation authorities now mandate a secondary communication channel to serve as a failsafe if the primary link fails. For example, the EASA requires redundant communication systems for BVLOS flights to ensure operational resilience, while the UK Civil Aviation Authority’s guidance similarly calls for dual-link architectures as part of any BVLOS operational authorization. In the United States, the FAA’s UAS BVLOS Aviation Rulemaking Committee report recommends demonstrating multiple active command-and-control links – or an automated failover scheme combining cellular, radio, and satellite – to secure BVLOS waivers.

Why Iridium Works Best

Satellite networks offer coverage with no dependency on terrestrial infrastructure, but that doesn’t mean all satellite networks are the same. In this context, low latency – the time it takes for you to send a command to the drone, and for it to receive it and respond – is critical, and therefore, satellite networks in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are preferable. This is simply because they are closer to Earth than networks in Geostationary orbit, and therefore the round trip of data takes less time.

Iridium’s satellite network is in Low Earth Orbit, and further, it utilizes the L-Band radio frequency. L-Band signals are extremely reliable, and penetrate poor weather conditions with ease; ideal for mission-critical applications where you can’t afford to lose contact with your asset.

With Iridium Certus 100, operators enjoy 22/88 Kbps of bi-directional data, low latency, and complete pole-to-pole coverage, so your drone’s telemetry, sensor data, and command/control signals remain rock solid. It can be used as a primary or failover means of communication.

Iridium-Global-Coverage-Map-2023

Our new airtime plans capitalize on our decades-long partnership with Iridium to provide flexible data bundles that scale from single drone deployments to entire fleets. Whether customers prefer monthly subscriptions, pay-as-you-go usage, or annual commitments, each plan features transparent rates, with volume discounts available for larger scale operations.

Customers who already own an Iridium Certus 100-compatible device can simply activate their chosen plan through Ground Control, eliminating the need for additional purchases or complex installation processes.

Recommended Hardware for IP Over Satellite

For those seeking an out-of-the-box solution, RockREMOTE Mini OEM provides direct board-level integration of the Iridium Certus 9770 module in a compact, 288 g form factor. Optimized for low power consumption, all non‑RF connections (Ethernet, serial, GPIO) are routed through a single 30‑way header, and installation is as simple as four screw mounts – no external gimbals or moving parts required.

Configuration and firmware updates are managed over Bluetooth LE via a companion app or API, and operators only need to attach the specified MMCX and U.FL antennas for Iridium and GNSS. Rated for operation from –40C to 70C and 95% humidity, RockREMOTE Mini OEM ensures mission-critical stability and performance across extreme environmental conditions.

RockREMOTE-Mini-OEM-with-end-cap-angle-2

Real-world use cases for these new airtime offerings span multiple industries. In agriculture, farmers can obtain real-time soil and crop health data from remote fields, optimizing inputs and maximizing yields. Renewable energy and utilities companies can conduct continuous inspections of pipelines, power lines, and wind turbines, preventing costly downtime and enhancing safety.

During emergency response missions, drones equipped with Iridium Certus 100 connectivity can relay critical situational data from disaster zones or search and rescue sites, accelerating decision-making when every second counts. Researchers performing environmental monitoring can gather long-range data on wildlife habitats, forestry conditions, and ocean patterns, undeterred by geographic isolation. And for jurisdictions that require communication redundancy, our plans serve as a reliable secondary link, providing an essential failsafe that keeps aircraft controllable even if the primary link is disrupted.

With affordable, reliable satellite connectivity and built-in redundancy now within reach, your BVLOS aspirations can become reality. Ground Control’s UAV-specific Iridium Certus 100 airtime plans can help extend your operational envelope, enhance safety, and unlock new business opportunities.

Would You Like to Know More?

If you’d like to get a quote for your UAV airtime, please complete the form, or email hello@groundcontrol.com, and we will respond within one working day.

It’s helpful if you can tell us more about your application, i.e. what sort of function do you need to perform (command and control in real-time, or the transmission of telemetry on demand, for example); any SWaP constraints; where you’ll be operating the drones etc.

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According to IoT Analytics, the global market for satellite IoT connectivity is projected to grow at a CAGR of 26%, reaching $4.7 billion by 2030. Currently, the satellite IoT market is dominated by proprietary modules – meaning that if you want to use Iridium’s SBD service, you need an Iridium SBD module. These modules and accompanying protocols have been tailor-made for satellite communication, and can move large data payloads quickly and reliably, making them perfect for critical IoT applications such as alerts, command and control, and critical infrastructure.

The growth projected by IoT Analytics is anticipated to largely come from standards-based, rather than proprietary, IoT connectivity. This means using standards built for cellular to move data over satellite, so you can use the same chipset that you would use for cellular NB-IoT to access non-terrestrial NB-IoT (in this context, satellite-based connectivity is almost always referred to as NTN – non-terrestrial network). Analysts believe that the lower cost of modules, ability to switch suppliers, and extremely low power requirements will facilitate new, massive IoT applications.

That said, the cost of manufacturing proprietary modules – which have historically commanded a higher premium – is falling, as scale manufacturers like u-blox and Quectel have started to produce these at a much lower cost. Any massive IoT application which is not latency-tolerant, and/or needs to move larger volumes of data, will have options to explore in the proprietary module space, too.

In this blog post, however, we’re exploring NTN NB-IoT in detail, with the goal of helping systems integrators and network architects evaluate whether this emerging technology will suit their remote connectivity application.

What is NTN NB-IoT?

NB-IoT, or Narrowband Internet of Things, is a cellular technology standardized by 3GPP Release 13 in 2016. It was specifically designed for the Internet of Things. NB-IoT falls into the category of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. LPWAN technologies are tailored for devices with specific requirements, distinct from smartphones or mobile broadband connections. Key characteristics include:

Small Data Amounts

Devices are designed to send relatively small amounts of data, typically a few bytes or kilobytes, infrequently. This is suitable for simple sensor data or control commands.

Long Battery Life

Due to minimal data transmission and optimized radio usage, these devices are built to operate for extended periods on battery and/or solar power, often for several years.

Low Hardware Cost

LPWAN technologies typically have low cost hardware costs, which is essential for IoT deployments involving hundreds or thousands of devices spread over large geographical areas.

Wide Area Coverage

LPWAN technologies offer long range, low power, small packet connectivity over extensive areas, enabling huge numbers of devices to run for years on a single battery.

NB-IoT achieves these goals by using a subset of features from traditional LTE cellular technology, operating within a narrow slice of the radio spectrum (80 kilohertz bandwidth). This narrow bandwidth and simpler protocols are key to power efficiency and low cost, reducing the complexity and power consumption of the device’s modem. However, terrestrial NB-IoT devices can only send data in areas with reliable cellular coverage.

Non-Terrestrial Network Narrowband IoT (NTN NB-IoT) combines NB-IoT’s low power, low cost cellular technology with satellite communication, enabling devices to connect via satellites in addition to, or instead of, terrestrial towers.

NTN NB-IoT will, when fully mature as a technology, enable global IoT deployments, for projects involving large numbers of simple, low power, low data devices spread across remote areas and across borders. It extends the benefits of NB-IoT beyond its terrestrial limitations, delivering (depending on the satellite network) up to 100% global coverage.

What are the Benefits of NTN NB-IoT?

In addition to being extremely power efficient, the key benefits of cellular NB-IoT is that it operates in licensed spectrum controlled by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and standardized by 3GPP, which offers dedicated capacity, more flexibility in the cellular network for switching and roaming, and multi-vendor support for devices and network infrastructure.

NTN NB-IoT similarly operates within licensed spectrum, in this case, controlled by Satellite Network Operators (SNOs) like Viasat and Iridium. It is actively being standardized within 3GPP; initial support for NTN was introduced in Release 17, and Release 18 (launched mid-2024) is significantly advancing NTN integration into the 5G system. It uses a narrow spectrum of the L-Band, S-Band and Ka-Band frequencies, allowing IoT devices to communicate with LEO, MEO and GEO satellite constellations.

Mobile IoT devices equipped with NTN NB-IoT modules can move from terrestrial networks to satellite networks without needing to use a proprietary module. This means IoT devices can be built with a single chipset that delivers NB-IoT connectivity over both cellular and satellite networks, reducing hardware costs because of production economies of scale.

As noted earlier, proprietary modules are also set to benefit from these scale economics, as large chipset manufacturers like u-blox and Quectel are adding the production of these to their portfolio. A key distinction, however, is that a proprietary module will only allow you to connect with one satellite constellation, whereas an NTN NB-IoT module could connect to any satellite network that supports NTN NB-IoT, which could reduce airtime pricing thanks to competition. It will be some years before there is adequate coverage for this to be realized, however.

The promise of NTN NB-IoT lowering the cost of satellite connectivity has the potential to unlock new massive IoT applications in fields such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, and global asset tracking.

Challenges for NTN NB-IoT

Like its cellular counterpart, NTN NB-IoT is designed for large scale, battery-powered deployments. However, communicating with a satellite using a standards-based module, rather than a proprietary satellite modem, brings a new set of technical and economic challenges to overcome.

Higher Latency

While cellular NB-IoT can achieve sub-second latency, NTN NB-IoT introduces significantly higher delays due to the long round-trip to orbiting satellites. Latency can range from several seconds to tens of seconds depending on link quality, protocol, and retry mechanisms. Applications must be tolerant of delayed responses and asynchronous communication.

Increased Battery Usage

Satellite transmissions require higher power output from the radio module to maintain a stable link, particularly in marginal conditions or at low elevation angles. Combined with longer active sessions (due to higher latency), this can drain batteries faster than in terrestrial NB-IoT deployments. Efficient power management and optimized duty cycling become critical.

Antenna Positioning

Terrestrial NB-IoT signals can penetrate walls and underground spaces, allowing flexible antenna placement. NTN NB-IoT requires a clear, unobstructed view of the sky to connect to a satellite, and in many cases, line of sight to a specific satellite at a fixed angle. This can complicate deployments, especially in mountainous or forested environments.

Coverage

NTN NB-IoT coverage is currently limited to specific regions: spot beams lit over North America, Europe, parts of South America, and Australasia. Coverage is expanding, but it’s far from global. Cellular NB-IoT, by contrast, offers much broader regional coverage wherever networks have been deployed and roaming agreements are in place.

Costs

Although standards-based NTN NB-IoT is cheaper than some proprietary satellite services, it’s many times more expensive than cellular NB-IoT. It is more expensive than proprietary options if you exceed monthly data volumes ~30 kB. Cost models are evolving, but pricing will reflect the more limited spectrum and capacity available in space.

Network Congestion

Satellite networks have far less capacity than terrestrial ones, and as NTN NB-IoT adoption grows, so will contention. Congestion may lead to failed transmissions, backoff delays, or restricted access during peak times, especially in areas with high device density or where consumer direct-to-device (D2D) services compete for bandwidth.

Lower Data Rates

NTN NB-IoT operates at significantly lower physical data rates than terrestrial NB-IoT - typically 1-2 Kbps vs. tens or hundreds of Kbps - and enforces small message sizes (e.g., 256 bytes max). This makes it well-suited for small, infrequent payloads, but unsuitable for bandwidth-heavy or real-time applications.

Data Optimization for NTN NB-IoT

For remote NTN NB-IoT applications, sending occasional small data packets becomes essential to reduce signaling duration and battery energy usage, as well as to minimize costly per-byte satellite usage.

When it comes to selecting how data is transferred, there are two options provided by the key players in the industry: IP and Message-based protocols. And to meet the data constraints of remote NTN NB-IoT applications, these protocols become a choice between UDP/IP and NIDD (Non-IP Data Delivery).

Here’s an example to highlight the differences between UDP/IP and NIDD data packet sizes.

A simple water level sensor is sending a status reading and the raw data is 18 bytes long. On top of that, the application running on the device is using CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), which adds a 4-byte header. This creates a payload of 22 bytes of application data.

To send this message using a traditional UDP/IP stack, the IP and UDP headers add a further 28 bytes, resulting in a total packet size of 50 bytes. By contrast, using NIDD the message is transmitted without any IP or UDP headers, so the total packet size remains just 22 bytes. This efficiency makes NIDD particularly well suited to low-power, low-data IoT devices operating over NTN networks, where every byte of airtime and every milliwatt of battery power matters.

UDP/IP vs NIDD for NTN NB-IoT Applications

So, the case for using NIDD for NTN NB-IoT is that it reduces the size of data packets to be sent to the satellite, and therefore reduces satellite byte costs, while drawing less power. However, the key benefit of UDP/IP is that the same IP address can be used when moving between cellular and satellite, which is useful for applications which cover devices moving in and out of cellular range, such as maritime vessels or pipeline monitoring.

Comparing UDP/IP and NIDD Benefits

Depending on their agreement with the SNO, some NTN NB-IoT service providers will be offering UDP/IP and/or NIDD solutions, and there are benefits and drawbacks to both. Here is a comparison table to highlight the key differences between each method of data transfer.

UDP/IP over NTN NB-IoT

NIDD (Non-IP) over NTN NB-IoT

Protocol Overhead

IPv4+UDP adds 28 bytes header per packet. Some NTN offerings bill with a 50-byte minimum that includes this IP/UDP header.

No IP/UDP header; payload is carried on signaling (control-plane), avoiding the 28-byte IP/UDP overhead of UDP.

Power Consumption

Higher than NIDD for tiny, intermittent messages because you transmit extra header bytes and maintain an IP data session.

Lower for small, sporadic messages by eliminating IP overhead and using signaling paths designed for low power.

Integration

Easier for standard IP apps; minor firmware/backend changes may be needed.

Requires SCEF/I-API support and backend changes to map messages to your application.

Security

Runs over the Internet path; secure with DTLS/TLS and/or VPN. NAT/VPN commonly recommended for inbound traffic.

Data doesn’t traverse the public Internet; operator exposure functions provide an extra security boundary.

Roaming

Single IP address when moving terrestrial ↔ satellite.

Satellite‑only: no IP address for cellular roam; each uplink uses the NTN pathway.

Best For...

Applications that move in/out of cellular coverage (e.g., maritime, logistics).

Ultra‑low data, stationary sensors where minimizing airtime and power is paramount.

Cost & Minimum Payload Considerations

The economics of NTN NB‑IoT hinge heavily on each provider’s minimum supported packet size. Today, Skylo enforces a 50 B floor (including headers) on every UDP/IP message, effectively eliminating NIDD’s payload‑size savings until true NIDD support arrives. Likewise, Sateliot offers standard 3GPP Rel‑17 NB‑IoT over satellite (UDP/IP only) and hasn’t published any reduced‑overhead or NIDD option, so ultra‑small packet users are forced into that same ~50 B envelope.

Until more satellite operators clarify their packet‑size limits or introduce truly NIDD‑capable services, many “tiny telemetry” applications will find themselves priced out of the savings NIDD could otherwise deliver.

The first full NIDD offerings won’t arrive until H1 2026, when Viasat IoT Direct launches its satellite‑only NB‑IoT SIM, complete with both UDP/IP and NIDD modes. Shortly after, Iridium NTN Direct – built on 3GPP Release 19 NTN enhancements – will also bring standardized NIDD support (devices expected in 2026).

In the meantime, proprietary satellite‑IoT networks such as Iridium SBD and Viasat IoT Nano bill in 10 B increments, making them the only current options for truly tiny, cost‑efficient uplinks – albeit at the price of custom hardware and vendor lock-in.

NTN NB‑IoT Service Timeline

Early 2024 – Summer 2025

  • Skylo rolls out its Release 17-based service (UDP/IP only) via partner MNOs across the United States, Canada, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand and select European markets
  • Sateliot operates a demo LEO fleet for Rel 17 NB‑IoT trials; today’s service is UDP/IP only, with no published NIDD option.

 

H2 2025 (Pilot & Dev Kits)

  • Viasat IoT Direct appears in partner POCs and developer previews (e.g., Ground Control’s Cloudloop integration), with two way NB‑IoT over L‑band. UDP/IP today, NIDD to follow.

 

H1 2026 (Projected Commercial Launch)

  • Viasat IoT Direct full release: satellite‑only NB‑IoT SIM supporting both UDP/IP and NIDD payloads
  • Iridium NTN Direct enters commercial service built on 3GPP Release 19 NTN enhancements (including standardized NIDD support).

 

Will NTN NB‑IoT Open New Markets for Satellite IoT?

NTN NB‑IoT holds clear potential to bring truly global, low‑power IoT to industries unable to leverage terrestrial networks; think widespread environmental sensing, remote infrastructure monitoring and asset tracking in the world’s most isolated regions. However, two pivotal commercial variables will determine how far it can go:

  • Cost per Byte & Minimum Packet Size: Until services offer sub‑30 B NIDD payloads at competitive rates (versus today’s 50 B UDP/IP floors or proprietary 10 B options), many micropacket use cases will remain marginal.
  • Network Capacity & Congestion Management: Supporting massive fleets of devices over narrow satellite channels requires robust scheduling, interference mitigation and priority handling – features still under development in Rel 17/18 NTN specs and vendor implementations.

 

Importantly, NTN NB‑IoT does not replace today’s proven proprietary services; it adds to the IoT toolbox. Solutions like Iridium SBD/IMT and Viasat IoT Nano will continue to serve critical, higher throughput or low latency applications, where SLAs, two‑way command/control and strong QoS are non‑negotiable. And, as discussed, the advent of scale manufacturers taking over the production of proprietary modules is set to bring down the cost of these services. NTN NB‑IoT, by contrast, unlocks a new class of latency-tolerant, very small data deployments of homogenous hardware across areas with a mix of cellular and satellite coverage.

Once Viasat IoT Direct and Iridium NTN Direct deliver standardized NIDD in 2026, expect a step‑change: low power, low cost satellite IoT scaling from niche pilots into planet‑wide solutions, while incumbent proprietary networks remain the go‑to for mission‑critical workloads.

Talk to Us About NTN NB-IoT

We’re experts in satellite IoT and asset tracking, and are actively working on new NTN NB-IoT enabled hardware and service integrations with our IoT platform, Cloudloop.

If you have questions about how NTN NB-IoT could enable your IoT projects, please email hello@groundcontrol.com or complete the form to tell us about your requirements, and we’ll reply within one working day.

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Water utilities worldwide are under increasing pressure to deliver more with less. Ageing infrastructure, growing demand, environmental challenges, and regulatory compliance all demand smarter, more efficient operations. Yet many of the most critical water assets, including pipelines, reservoirs, pumping stations, and metering points, are located in remote or rural areas where conventional cellular connectivity is either unreliable or unavailable.

This connectivity gap has long been a barrier to digital transformation in the water sector. Without reliable communication between remote assets and central systems, utilities face costly manual inspections, delayed responses, and fragmented data. Satellite IoT is helping to bridge that divide, bringing off-grid infrastructure online and enabling smarter, more efficient operations. While proprietary satellite IoT has served this role for decades, a newer, standards-based alternative is now emerging: NTN NB-IoT (Non-Terrestrial Network Narrowband Internet of Things).

NTN NB-IoT, part of the 3GPP standard for satellite-enabled IoT communications, allows connected sensors to communicate with satellites using the same NB-IoT protocol, and chipset, that they would use to connect to a terrestrial network. Economies of scale means that this drives down the cost of the chipset, delivering lower hardware costs, and potentially lower airtime costs too. For water utilities, this unlocks applications that might have been cost-prohibitive prior to the advent of standards-based satellite IoT.

At Ground Control, we specialize in enabling satellite-based connectivity and telemetry solutions for critical infrastructure. As NTN NB-IoT technology matures, we’re perfectly positioned to help water utilities leverage it to extend smart monitoring and control to the very edges of their networks. Here’s how NTN NB-IoT differs from proprietary satellite IoT and where it adds value to smarter water utility operations.

Rethinking Remote Connectivity

As water utilities continue to extend monitoring and automation efforts in remote and rural environments, satellite communication has been, and remains, critical to bridge connectivity gaps where cellular networks are unreliable or unavailable. Until very recently, the only option for utilizing satellites was to use a proprietary satellite module, e.g. if you wanted to utilize the Iridium satellite constellation, you would need an Iridium module.

These proprietary solutions are are built for purpose; the designers have not had to limit their modules’ capabilities to the 3GPP standard, which of course started as a cellular standard. This means you can send more data, more quickly, through a proprietary solution.

Further, if you’re using a message-based proprietary solution, such as Iridium’s Short Burst Data service, Iridium Messaging Transport (IMT), or Viasat IoT Nano, you also get the benefit of power efficiency.

Proprietary solutions, therefore, have been a trusted option for many years, providing reliable, low bandwidth satellite communication for mission critical data such as flow rates, tank levels, pump status, and alarm notifications. They have proven particularly valuable for applications requiring near real-time data or coverage in truly isolated areas.

However, when it comes to massive IoT deployments, proprietary solutions have limitations. Relatively high device and airtime costs, and proprietary integration requirements can make services like SBD, IMT and IoT Nano challenging to deploy at scale, particularly for low-power sensor networks or distributed metering systems.

Enter NTN NB-IoT (what is NTN NB-IoT?).

Proprietary-vs-NTN-NB-IoT

For water utilities, NTN NB-IoT could be a breakthrough. Water utility providers can deploy NTN NB-IoT-enabled sensors, meters, and monitoring equipment in places that were previously cost-prohibitive to connect via proprietary satellite IoT.

What are the Applications for NTN NB-IoT in Water Utilities?

For a water utility weighing NTN NB‑IoT against higher‑bandwidth proprietary satellite links, the sweet spot is infrequent, small payload telemetry where truly global reach (no cell towers) matters more than millisecond alerts. Typical deployments include:

Daily or multi‑hour meter reads
Remote or off‑grid customer meters (flow, volume) that only need to report once or twice a day for billing or usage analysis. A 200 byte payload can easily carry several readings, supporting rural homes, farms, or remote industrial sites.

Tank level and reservoir monitoring
Track water levels, detect overflow risks and monitor usage trends in storage facilities far from population centers. Gravity‑fed storage tanks in remote service areas report level and temperature every few hours – enough to plan refills without real‑time urgency.

Environmental baseline sensing
pH, turbidity, conductivity or chlorine residual sensors on remote intakes or treatment sites. These can trickle in (no pun intended!) once per shift or per day to track long term trends, enabling insight into water quality, and supporting regulatory compliance.

Pump run‑hours and basic status
Hourly or daily “I’m alive” heartbeats plus simple ON/OFF or run‑time counters to track remote booster stations or solar powered pumps, helping to reduce downtime and extend the life of critical infrastructure.

Pipeline integrity logs
Low frequency pressure, flow rate and structural vibration snapshots in isolated, hard to access terrain, allowing early detection of leaks, bursts or blockages to reduce water loss.

Asset inventory and location
Periodic GPS pings and motion/tamper alerts from mobile test vans, valve exercise robots or floating sensors in open canals, optimizing maintenance schedules and improving operational security.

Benefits-of-NTN-NB-IoT-for-Water-Utilities

Beyond NTN NB‑IoT: Scenarios Requiring Real Time Satellite Links

Here are the water‑utility applications that really demand real time links and higher data volumes – i.e. where you’d reach for a proprietary satellite IoT service such as SBD, IMT or IoT Nano, rather than NTN NB‑IoT:

Instant leak/failure alerts
Continuous pressure or flow monitoring that must trigger sub‑minute alarms when a burst or major leak occurs.

Remote valve actuation and control
Two‑way commands (open/close, throttling) with confirmation feedback to isolate sections of pipe or adjust flow on demand.

SCADA‑style telemetry
High frequency readings (e.g. every few seconds or minutes) from multiple sensors (pressure, temperature, vibration) at booster stations and treatment plants.

Video or acoustic inspection
Transmitting snapshots, short video clips or high‑resolution acoustic signatures from remote intake structures or pipeline inspection robots.

Predictive maintenance analytics
Bulk uploads of rich sensor datasets (e.g. vibration spectra, pump performance curves) to cloud analytics for failure prediction.

Bi‑directional firmware updates and diagnostics
Pushing larger firmware or configuration payloads OTA (over the air), plus logging back detailed health / status reports in real time.

Event‑driven sampling
Millisecond‑resolution burst data (e.g. transient pressure spikes) that need to be streamed offsite immediately for analysis.

Benefits-of-Proprietary-Satellite-IOT

Emergency backup SCADA link
A full‑bandwidth failover channel when terrestrial SCADA lines go down, to keep control room visibility alive.

These use cases all hinge on low latency, two way communication and/or bulk data transfers; capabilities that proprietary satellite IoT is designed to deliver.

What is NTN NB-IoT?

Simply, NTN NB-IoT allows data to travel over satellite using the same standard as terrestrial NB-IoT. This means that the same chipset can be used for satellite or cellular connectivity, leading to lower hardware costs, and potentially, lower airtime costs.

It doesn’t, however, mean that it is identical to terrestrial NB-IoT, and network architects need to bear its limitations in mind. We’ve outlined some of the key differences in the following table:

NTN NB-IoT (via Skylo)

Cellular NB-IoT

Proprietary Satellite IoT

Max Practical Payload

256 bytes

1,400 - 1,600 bytes

100,000 bytes

Latency

High (10 - 60 s); MVNO scheduling ⟶ 2 - 5 min

Low (1 - 10 seconds)

Medium (c. 10 seconds)

Directionality

Bidirectional (protocol level) but uplink-focused in practice

Bidirectional

Bidirectional

Coverage

United States, Canada, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand and select European markets

Terrestrial (nationwide but no maritime/remote)

Global

Typical Transmissions Per Day

Common MVNO plans: ~1 - 3 uplinks/day (entry tiers)

No strict cap: supports thousands to tens of thousands of uplinks/day (limited only by data plan allowances)

No strict cap; governed by data plan allowances

In summary, users can anticipate smaller data volumes, and intermittent data transmission (e.g. a few times per day), allowing devices to operate for years on battery and solar power. NTN NB-IoT is, therefore, ideal for low bandwidth, low power, and long life IoT applications.

A Smarter Approach to Connectivity

NTN NB‑IoT shines when you need occasional, small payload uplinks from truly off-grid assets. Its standards based 3GPP Release 17 stack makes integration straightforward, devices run for years on battery, and you can monitor things like daily meter reads, tank levels, water‑quality snapshots or pump “heartbeats” in remote terrain without laying any infrastructure.

Proprietary satellite IoT earns its keep when you need low latency, high volume, two way links, for real time leak/failure alarms, remote valve control, SCADA‑style bursts, video or acoustic inspections, large OTA updates, and emergency failover.

With decades of experience in satellite communications, Ground Control offers more than just connectivity; we deliver complete, integrated solutions from device to cloud. So, whether you’re starting a pilot water management project or scaling a nationwide deployment, we’re here to help you harness the full potential of NTN NB-IoT and build a smarter, more resilient, and efficient water utility network.

Ready to explore your options?

Curious which satellite technology is right for your application? Whether you’re rolling out smart meters in rural areas or need real time alerts from critical infrastructure, we can help you choose the best fit solution.

Talk to our team for a side-by-side comparison of NTN NB-IoT and proprietary satellite IoT, based on your data needs, latency requirements, and power constraints.

Email hello@groundcontrol.com or complete the form, and we’ll be in touch within one working day.

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In today’s digital battlespace, Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (APNT) is more than a utility; it’s the invisible infrastructure behind every mission. As adversaries grow more technologically capable, the reliability of conventional GPS-based systems is increasingly at risk. Electronic warfare tactics, such as GPS jamming and spoofing, can create blind spots and disrupt mission-critical functions. A resilient solution is needed, designed to maintain accurate, trusted location and timing data even when GPS is spoofed, faked or denied.

From satellite tracking and coordinated troop movements to secure communications and synchronized operations, reliable PNT enables modern militaries to act with speed, accuracy, and global reach.

Encapsulated within Ground Control’s RockSTAR APNT device, reliable, global, and jamming-resilient positional awareness can be achieved by military personnel in hostile, GPS-contested environments. This blog examines the modern-day need for reliable location assurance beyond GPS for military effectiveness.

 

Why PNT Is Critical for Military Success

PNT systems, chiefly GPS and GNSS, are foundational to all branches of modern defense, forming the backbone of situational awareness, coordination, and operational execution. Real-time, accurate positioning provides the precise geolocation of military forces, vehicles, and critical assets, allowing commanders to make informed decisions in real time.

Navigation enables units to move accurately and more safely across land, air, or sea to ensure missions stay on course and with optimum execution. Timing is crucial for synchronizing a wide range of activities, from encrypted communications and sensor network operations to financial transactions and time-sensitive Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) data processing.

Numerous military functions rely on accurate and uninterrupted PNT, including Blue Force Tracking (BFT) – a system that utilizes GPS technology to track the location of friendly forces, cybersecurity command and control (C2) systems, precision time-stamping for ISR platforms, and the coordination of multi-domain operations. Without reliable PNT systems and GPS/GNSS, these operations can quickly become disjointed, inefficient, and vulnerable, jeopardizing both mission success and the safety of military personnel.

The GPS Vulnerability Problem

While GPS remains the backbone of PNT, it is vulnerable. GPS signals are low power, unencrypted and easy to jam, spoof, or fake with relatively inexpensive equipment.

In hostile environments, such as near-peer conflict zones and congested battlespaces, adversaries often target GPS to disrupt coordination, conceal positions, or disable military tracking systems.

Even in peacetime or humanitarian missions, natural obstructions like urban canyons, mountains, and indoor locations can degrade signal reception.

APNT is different. A key component of APNT is the use of one-way, secured signals transmitted from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. These signals are significantly stronger than traditional GPS – up to 1,000 times more powerful in some systems – making them far more resistant to jamming and interference. When integrated into a layered APNT architecture, these satellite-based signals help ensure trusted timing and location data even in GPS-denied environments.

Diagram-Showing-RockSTAR-APNT-in-Military-Applications

It’s worth noting that APNT is designed to complement, not replace, GPS and GNSS-based systems. PNT and APNT signals are compatible with some of the same hardware that supports GPS, allowing for seamless integration into existing navigation solutions. This makes APNT an ideal component of a layered satellite-tracking system strategy, enhancing resilience,
security, and continuity of positioning and timing services in critical military applications.

 

RockSTAR APNT For Assured PNT Beyond GPS

 

RockSTAR APNT offers a hardened alternative to GPS-based timing and location services. By leveraging LEO satellites and cryptographic techniques to verify authenticity, the device transmits high-power signals resistant to spoofing, jamming, and signal degradation, critical for military communications when GPS is compromised. Further, it’s operable indoors and in
urban locations where GPS often fails.

RockSTAR APNT delivers real-time timing accuracy, which is a critical capability for coordinating dispersed units across multiple domains, maintaining secure communications, and operating time-sensitive radar, sensor, and surveillance systems. Positional data in real-time ensures optimum decision-making in dynamic environments.

Engineered for portability and resilience, RockSTAR APNT is compact, field-ready, dustproof and waterproof. Built to military standards, it’s ideal for manned deployments: tactical vehicles, Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), field command posts, and portable mission kits.

RockSTAR STL Close Up

The Embedded APNT Choice

For unmanned or unattended deployments, RockBLOCK APNT offers the same resilient satellite time and location capability in a compact, ruggedized form factor. Designed for integration into autonomous systems, remote infrastructure, and stationary platforms, it ensures critical operations remain synchronised and secure, even in heavily contested GNSS environments.

With the ability to transmit APNT data, as well as text-based messages and telemetry data (up to 100 KB per transmission), RockBLOCK APNT also serves as an effective failover
communication channel when primary systems are compromised or unavailable. Its versatility and resilience make it a valuable asset for mission-critical operations where assured connectivity is essential.

RockBLOCK-Pro-Web-Angled

A Layered PNT Strategy for Modern Defense

As militaries shift toward Multi-Domain Operations (MDO), the security and reliability of PNT and GPS are strategic priorities. Relying solely on GPS is no longer acceptable. The U.S. Department of Defense and allied nations are actively pursuing Assured PNT (APNT) initiatives, combining multiple sources to create a layered, fault-tolerant system. RockSTAR APNT and RockBLOCK APNT are key enablers of this strategy in providing a complementary, GPS-independent signal that strengthens the PNT architecture.

 

 

Can we help?

Our satellite-enabled RockSTAR APNT and RockBLOCK APNT solutions offer robust positional data connectivity when GPS fails, for defense applications and more. Partner with us to explore all our satellite solutions that safeguard your military operations and personnel anywhere in the world.

Complete the form or email hello@groundcontrol.com and we’ll get back to you within one working day.

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One of the most disruptive threats to commercial and military maritime operators is the manipulation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), primarily by low-cost GPS jammers, state-sponsored GPS spoofing campaigns, and cyber-physical interference. From oil tankers seized via spoofed coordinates to cargo ships disappearing from satellite tracking due to jamming, the vulnerabilities of GNSS reliant systems are no longer theoretical, they’re operational hazards. These disruptions compromise navigation, safety, and compliance monitoring, particularly in high-risk regions such as the Baltic Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, and other areas with geopolitical tensions.

GPS Jamming Issue Grows in Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas
Daily, October 1, 2023 – April 4, 2024

Growing Number of GPS Jamming Attempts

GNSS/GPS manipulation has far-reaching implications, from compromised navigation to operational disruptions. While there are various satellite-based techniques for detecting spoofing and jamming, RockBLOCK APNT offers a truly resilient alternative. In this blog, we explore how it works and why it matters.

Key Differences Between Jamming and Spoofing

Jamming

Spoofing

Definition

Overwhelms GNSS signals with noise to block reception

Sends fake GNSS signals to mislead the calculation of a false position/time

Mechanism

High-power RF signals on GNSS frequencies disrupt signal acquisition

Fake signals mimic legitimate ones, often stronger, to deceive the vessel

Goal

Denial of service (DoS) – prevents GNSS-based operation

Deceives the receiving vessel into believing a false position or time

Effect on receiving vessel

Loss of satellite lock; receiving vessel cannot determine position/time

The receiving vessel continues to operate, but with incorrect data

Detection Difficulty

Often easy to detect due to complete signal loss

Harder to detect, may go unnoticed as the vessel operates normally

Signal power

High (to overpower weak satellite signals, typically > -100 dBm)

High (to overpower weak satellite signals, typically > -100 dBm)

Legality

Illegal in most countries

Also illegal, often more complex to execute and trace

Hardware Requirements

Relatively simple - can be handheld or vehicle-mounted

More complex, requires GNSS signal generation and precise timing

Use Cases (Malicious)

Disrupt vessel navigation, leave crew and cargo vulnerable to attack

Mislead ships, expose ships to hijacking, steer vessels into dangerous waters

Implications for the Shipping Industry

The interception and denial of GNSS/GPS connectivity pose significant risks to the commercial shipping industry. GPS spoofing, for example, misleads shipping vessels into believing they are on a safe course when in reality, they may be heading into dangerous waters or restricted areas. Reports indicate that vessels in the Eastern Mediterranean have been falsely located at airports, and other instances have shown ships being misled into high-risk territories. Many vessels, especially those without backup navigation systems, are vulnerable to these attacks.

In July 2019, the UK-flagged oil tanker Stena Impero, operated by Stena Bulk, was seized by Iranian forces while transiting the Strait of Hormuz. Investigations suggest that the vessel’s navigation systems were subjected to GPS spoofing, causing it to deviate into Iranian territorial waters. Analysis of AIS data indicated anomalies consistent with spoofing attacks, where counterfeit signals misled the ship’s navigation systems. This incident highlighted the vulnerabilities in maritime navigation and the potential for state actors to exploit them.

Later in 2019, vessels operating near Chinese ports, particularly around Shanghai, reported widespread GPS anomalies. Ships experienced sudden changes in reported positions, with some appearing to move erratically or vanish from tracking systems. Investigations revealed that these anomalies were due to GPS spoofing attacks, affecting hundreds of vessels and disrupting port operations. The incidents raised concerns about the potential for such attacks to be used for strategic or economic purposes, with the United Nations urging the protection of satellite navigation from interference.

Spoofing and Jamming Detection via Satellite

Satellite systems can detect GNSS/GPS spoofing and jamming by identifying inconsistencies via a number of indicators and parameters.

Positional behavior can indicate spoofing or jamming. Satellite systems can identify positional and movement abnormalities and send alerts when ships “jump” positions, show physically impossible maneuvers, such as a 90° turn at high speed, or appear in two locations simultaneously, known as ghost ships. Further, comparison with terrestrial radar and sensors is a method of spoofing detection. Satellites compare reported Automatic Identification System (AIS) data with ground radar or visual surveillance, and mismatches may indicate spoofing.

To avoid and prevent spoofing and jamming attacks, commercial shipping companies can support risk-based routing. Here, shipping companies use historical spoofing “heat maps” to reroute vessels around known interference zones, such Baltic Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, and any other region or zone with geopolitical tensions.

These detection techniques are effective, but the vulnerabilities of GNSS/GPS signals remain. A secure and resilient solution is required for complete visibility and confidence of vessel positioning at sea.

Iridium PNT For GNSS/GPS Protection at Sea

While satellite-enabled detections exist to combat traditional GNSS/GPS spoofing and jamming, Iridium offers an uncontested solution – a secure alternative for acquiring positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) information anywhere in the world.

Iridium PNT is a one-way signal broadcast via the Iridium satellite constellation, 1,000 times stronger than GPS, making it far more resilient to jamming. Leveraging Iridium’s LEO satellite constellation and thus, a signal 25 times closer to the Earth than GNSS, Iridium PNT delivers accurate time and position data without needing traditional GNSS visibility, giving commercial ships and maritime systems trusted positioning even when GPS is denied.

Iridium PNT is not designed to replace GNSS; rather, it’s designed to complement it. Many existing GPS/GNSS receivers are capable of receiving Iridium PNT signals, making it easy to incorporate as part of a layered approach to reliable, secure and resilient tracking and positioning.

Diagram-of-RockBLOCK-APNT-in-Maritime-Application

How RockBLOCK Utilizes Iridium PNT for Jamming-Resilient Maritime Tracking

RockBLOCK APNT is a ruggedized, compact satellite-based tracking solution that harnesses the power of Iridium PNT to deliver a secure signal independent of terrestrial or GNSS infrastructure. This PNT service offers an alternative when GPS or GNSS Global signals are absent, denied, or disrupted.

Traditional GPS signals are vulnerable and easy to overpower or imitate with spoofing equipment. Iridium PNT, by contrast, resists these threats through cryptographic techniques so spoofers cannot easily mimic the signals. Complementing traditional GPS / GNSS and delivering a reliable backup, RockBLOCK APNT enables transmission of vessel location updates even when GPS / GNSS is being denied, spoofed, or jammed.

This is vital for commercial ships as well as vessels transiting piracy or cyber-prone regions, unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) operating in contested waters and NATO and allied vessels conducting patrols in high-risk areas.

RockBLOCK-Pro-Web-Angled

The technology encapsulated within RockBLOCK APNT is designed for ease of integration with existing maritime equipment. The solution delivers RS232 / RS485 and USB-C serial interfaces for easy integration with existing hardware, IP66 waterproofing – ideal for harsh marine conditions – and a compact, low-power design for permanent and portable deployments. It’s a secure and rugged solution for shipping companies to tackle the ongoing threat of GPS spoofers and jammers.

Operational Scenarios with RockBLOCK APNT

There are several operational scenarios where RockBLOCK APNT provides an uncontested, reliable solution to GPS-denied environments, spoofing, and jamming:

Anti-Spoofing for Cargo Ships: A container vessel approaching a spoofing hotspot in the Eastern Mediterranean receives conflicting GPS signals. RockBLOCK APNT continues to deliver trusted positioning, allowing the bridge crew and HQ to detect the spoof and maintain safe routing.

Naval Operations in Denied Environments: A patrol vessel operating under electronic warfare conditions near contested maritime borders loses GPS functionality. Utilizing RockBLOCK APNT, onboard systems retain accurate time and position data, crucial for navigation, targeting, and tactical coordination.

Unmanned Maritime Drones: An autonomous surface vessel in the Arctic Circle cannot acquire GPS due to interference. RockBLOCK APNT ensures connectivity, continuity and remote GPS monitoring via Iridium.

Secure Positioning When GPS Goes Dark

From bulk carriers drifting off-course in the Black Sea to naval vessels being targeted in the Red Sea, GNSS/GPS interference has shifted from a rare anomaly to a strategic weapon. The rise of low-cost jammers, state-sponsored spoofing campaigns, and cyber-physical interference has exposed a serious blind spot in global shipping: overdependence on vulnerable, unprotected GNSS/GPS satellite signals. RockBLOCK APNT provides an essential layer of protection, ensuring a secure, resilient, and critical connection to vessels at sea.

With RockBLOCK APNT, Ground Control offers a compact, secure, and rugged satellite-based solution that ensures maritime assets stay online, stay located, and stay safe, even when GPS goes dark.

Can we help?

Partner with us to implement satellite technology that safeguards your maritime operations and enhances secure, real-time data transmission wherever your journey takes you.

Complete the form or email us at hello@groundcontrol.com and we’ll get back to you within one working day.

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Ground Control has launched the RockBLOCK Pro, the first certified Iridium Certus 9704 device available through an Iridium partner. This rugged satellite IoT gateway utilizes the new Iridium Certus® 9704 module and Iridium Messaging Transport (IMT). The RockBLOCK Pro delivers enhanced performance compared to earlier RockBLOCK versions, and features faster speeds, substantially increased message size capabilities, and improved power efficiency. This makes it well-suited for critical remote operations.

RockBLOCK Pro utilizes the Iridium 9704 module to send bi-directional messages from 25 bytes up to 100 KB, supporting aggregated sensor data, imagery and audio clips while maintaining end-to-cloud latency under 10 seconds. Compared to the Iridium 9602 and 9603 modules, the 9704 achieves up to an 83% reduction in idle power consumption, making it the most power-efficient Iridium module ever.

Engineered for harsh outdoor and industrial use, RockBLOCK Pro is rated IP66 and can be specified with either the built-in high-gain antenna or an external antenna. Full support for the legacy Iridium AT command set ensures a drop-in upgrade path for existing SBD deployments, with no need to alter host firmware or development toolchains.

RockBLOCK-Pro-First-Image

For seamless end-to-end messaging, RockBLOCK Pro integrates tightly with our Cloudloop Data platform, which delivers messages via direct cloud-platform integrations, including AWS, Azure and Google Cloud environment, or can be routed via HTTP webhooks, MQTT streams, or even email. Onboard GNSS, Bluetooth, and configurable digital I/O further expand its utility in telemetry, asset tracking, environmental monitoring, and autonomous applications.

Alastair MacLeod, CEO of Ground Control, said: “RockBLOCK Pro redefines the satellite IoT gateway category by bringing together power efficiency, rugged design, and data capacity in a compact footprint, unlocking smarter, more responsive systems in the world’s most remote places. As the first partner to bring a certified Iridium Certus 9704 product to market, we’re proud to lead the next chapter of global IoT.”

“The Iridium Certus 9704 packs a lot of power in a compact module, making it ideal for IoT applications that require real-time data analysis, analytics and automated decision-making,” said Tim Last, executive vice president of sales and marketing, Iridium. “Ground Control has been a trusted Iridium partner for many years, with a proven track record of delivering high quality developer hardware built on Iridium technology. We’re excited to see them leading the way with innovative solutions that bring high performance satellite IoT connectivity to the most remote parts of the world.”

RockBLOCK Pro is now open for early access inquiries.

The initial production run begins in May, followed by full production starting July 2025.

To learn more or reserve your unit, please contact Ground Control or complete our early access form at groundcontrol.com/product/rockblock-pro/

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Direct-to-Direct (D2D) satellite connectivity is one of the most talked about innovations in IoT right now. It promises seamless global coverage, allowing connected devices, from smartphones to smart sensors, to communicate with satellites without the need for additional hardware such as a specialized antenna.

At first glance, D2D sounds like the ultimate solution for remote IoT applications. But there’s a problem: the term is being used too broadly and too optimistically. Many assume that D2D is synonymous with standards-based satellite IoT, like NTN NB-IoT or LTE Cat-1 over satellite. In reality, these are adjacent but distinct technologies, each with very different capabilities, timelines, and trade-offs.

In this post we’ll cut through the noise to discover what’s actually available today, and what will be available in six months, one year, and beyond. We’ll look at the benefits and limitations of D2D, and explore whether you would be better off focusing on standards-based satellite IoT as you consider what’s best for your IoT deployment.

What Direct-to-Device (D2D) Actually Means

Direct-to-Device (D2D) connectivity means that a device – typically a smartphone – can communicate directly with a satellite (part of a non-terrestrial network, or NTN) without requiring additional external hardware like a specialized antenna / dongle.

D2D is a capability, not a standard. It means a device can talk directly to a satellite, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it uses NB-IoT or LTE.

The most well-known example is Apple’s agreement with Globalstar. Newer iPhones embed chipsets that allow them to access the Globalstar satellite constellation where available. This is a proprietary technology, meaning iPhones cannot connect to other satellite networks.

While still relevant, the Globalstar/Apple partnership is an outlier. Today, D2D is often referenced in the context of standards-based connectivity – but that’s where definitions start to blur.

D2D and Standards-Based Connectivity: Not the Same Thing!

Standards-based NTN connectivity refers to satellite networks that adhere to existing cellular standards, e.g. NB-IoT and LTE Cat 1.

A key benefit of this is that you don’t have to modify your data to send it through a proprietary satellite protocol. Standards-based connectivity also opens the door to switching networks for broader coverage or better pricing – a flexibility not available with proprietary solutions.

But here’s the key distinction:

D2D

Standards-Based NTN

D2D is about the physical capability for a device (e.g., smartphone or sensor) to connect to a satellite without extra hardware.

Standards-based is about ensuring that the satellite connection adheres to existing cellular protocols like NB-IoT and LTE Cat 1.

The connection can be proprietary or standards-based.

Compatible devices may still require separate hardware to connect, especially today.

Pure D2D for IoT is limited today and requires ideal antenna positioning and sky visibility.

You can access standards-based NTN today, usually via an external transceiver / dongle.

What’s Available Now (Early 2025)?

There are two cellular standards being adopted by satellite network operators: NB-IoT and LTE Cat 1.

  • NB-IoT uses very little bandwidth and is being rolled out by providers like Iridium and Viasat to complement their proprietary solutions.
  • LTE Cat 1 requires more bandwidth and is being pursued by newer entrants like Starlink and AST SpaceMobile, who partner with mobile network operators (MNOs) to access spectrum.

 

The standard closer to delivery is NTN NB-IoT. Skylo is not a satellite network operator, but has done a lot of work to make NB-IoT work over existing satellite networks. They have partnered with multiple satellite networks, including Viasat and Ligado Networks, to bring a solution to market in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Brazil.

Some satellite network operators are already offering this service in a limited capacity – Sateliot were among the first to market with a proposition. However, they’re in the process of scaling their satellite IoT services; initial store-and-forward services are available, but fully operational coverage will be c. 2028.

At the moment, the hardware being built for IoT tends to take the form of a unit that can be attached to a sensor or gateway to facilitate NTN connectivity.

Why is Separate Hardware Still Needed for IoT?

  • Many sensors or gateways don’t yet support NTN NB-IoT or LTE Cat 1 and will need to pass data through a connected device which can re-format the data to work with the appropriate standard.
  • Satellite connectivity requires a clear view of the sky. Devices embedded in machinery or under panels (like an OBDII port or solar-powered sensor) are unlikely to maintain a reliable satellite link.

What Will Be Available In Six Months (Mid-Late 2025)?

In terms of NB-IoT, Viasat’s “IoT Direct” is currently in beta mode, before a full release in the second half of 2025. This will deliver global NB-IoT capabilities for connected devices, and we’re particularly excited about this development.

We also expect the first LTE Cat 1 service for IoT from Starlink to be available before the end of 2025. Starlink’s “D2C” model depends on cooperation from mobile network operators, and rollout will begin in countries with large land masses and low population density, where unused spectrum is more available.

Current rollout countries are the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Ukraine, Switzerland, and Japan.

What Will Be Available in One Year?

We should see more integrated, true D2D devices that can connect to both cellular and satellite networks using standard protocols, without needing separate antennas. But these are unlikely to be materially lower cost than the current, proprietary options available. This is because it is both economies of scale and competition that drives prices down, and that will take a little longer to come to fruition.

Starlink will likely have its first competitor in the LTE space (no pun intended) with the commercial launch of AST SpaceMobile anticipated in early 2026. However, AST SpaceMobile is focused squarely on the cellphone market rather than IoT devices; it will probably be another 12 months (early 2027) before IoT devices can connect to the AST SpaceMobile network. It’s also worth mentioning that AST SpaceMobile also needs agreements with MNOs to deliver its service; it will not be global at launch.

The Future (2-5 Years)

The update that allowed cellular standards to be used over satellite is called 3GPP Release 17. While Rel-17 made it possible to use cellular standards in satellite communication, it didn’t make it easy, with companies like Skylo having to do a considerable amount of engineering to make NB-IoT transmissions over satellite a reality.

Iridium, currently the world’s only global satellite IoT network, was a little late to the party in developing a standards-based proposition, but now that it is, it’s working very closely with the 3GPP to extend the functionality of NTN NB-IoT. This collaboration means that 3GPP Release 19 (anticipated in late 2025) will remove many technical challenges and hasten the widespread availability of industry standard chipsets.

Availability of Standards-Based NTN Services

*3GPP compliant release 10 or newer, modem must support existing bands of operation in intended service countries

We also anticipate that we’ll see increased data throughput, greater power efficiency, and lower latency as these advanced protocols coupled with new satellite modems filter through, enabling smaller, lower cost and longer lasting IoT devices.

The reason this falls into the 2-5 years section is because the benefits take several years to reach end users. Firstly, network operators, device manufacturers and other industry stakeholders will need time to implement the new standards, which can involve significant hardware and software updates, plus extensive testing.

Deployment of the new technology across networks is often piecemeal, too, rolled out across regions and service providers at different times – meaning that it will take time to become widely available. And, of course, end users’ devices must be compatible with the new standards; this will include firmware changes to support the lower speeds and smaller message sizes available over NTN NB-IoT.

While NB-IoT remains the most popular choice for delivering NTN standards-based connectivity, by this time we’d anticipate also having IoT propositions from AST SpaceMobile and Lynk using the LTE Cat 1 standard. These new satellite network operators, along with Starlink, will undoubtedly create more commercial agreements with mobile network operators, extending the reach of NTN LTE Cat 1 services.

What Should IoT Businesses Do Now?

It depends on the criticality and data requirements of your application. While NTN NB-IoT services are reaching the market, the throughput is very small, and data transmission is infrequent, so it best serves applications where there are a high number of end points, but real-time information is not required (e.g., livestock tracking, environmental monitoring, agriculture, basic fleet management, and wearables).

Massive IoT vs Critical IoT Diagram

If this describes your application, get in touch with a service provider like Ground Control to get advice on the best network and hardware for your application. Note that this will almost certainly involve additional hardware, as the satellite industry is some way from solving the issues around device compatibility and antenna siting mentioned earlier.

If you need higher volumes of data and closer to real-time data, you will still be better served by a proprietary solution such as IMT / Certus 100 from Iridium, or IoT Nano from Viasat. These services are well established and globally available; they will co-exist alongside the standards-based solutions for the foreseeable future.

Finally, don’t get too preoccupied with D2D; it offers exciting possibilities, but it’s still a developing technology that won’t be widely available for some time, and will only be appropriate for certain use cases.

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Ready to explore your options?

If you’re exploring how to keep your IoT devices connected beyond the reach of terrestrial networks, we’re here to help. At Ground Control, we work across both proprietary and standards-based satellite networks to recommend the best-fit solution for your use case – today, and in the future.

Whether you’re ready to deploy now or just starting to assess the landscape, we’d love to talk. Get in touch for practical, honest advice on devices, networks, and everything in between. Email hello@groundcontrol.com or complete the form, and we’ll be in touch within one working day.

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Ground Control’s tracking platform, Cloudloop, now supports Globalstar’s GSat Solar and SmartOne C tracking devices. The integration provides a budget friendly satellite tracking option for businesses and organizations that need occasional location updates without the expense of more advanced two-way communication systems.

This integration expands the range of options available through Cloudloop Tracking, allowing users to deploy low power, long lasting satellite tracking solutions that are ideal for monitoring assets in remote or off grid locations where cellular coverage is unreliable or unavailable.

Globalstar-Logo

Globalstar operates a constellation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, providing cost-effective tracking solutions for businesses. Devices transmit location and status updates to the satellite network at predefined intervals, and in the case of the selected hardware, only send data one way. While this has some limitations (they’re not suitable for real-time tracking of high value assets), it means the devices are significantly cheaper than two-way communication alternatives. They also draw very little power, and can run for years without maintenance, making them ideal for remote asset tracking. Their compact size and flexible mounting options also make Globalstar trackers easy to install on various assets.

Globalstar’s services are regionally available, mainly in North America, Europe, and parts of South America (see coverage map).

Why Choose Globalstar for Asset Tracking?

Lower Cost, Simple Tracking

Globalstar’s tracking solutions provide a cost-effective way to monitor assets that do not require real-time oversight. If you need to be 100% certain of an asset’s position at all times or require two-way messaging, other solutions (like Iridium-based tracking) will be more suited. However, compared to premium two-way satellite tracking solutions, Globalstar devices significantly reduce tracking expenses while still offering a reliable means of monitoring asset movements. For businesses managing large fleets of lower-value assets, the cost savings can be substantial.

Battery Powered and Compact

Both the GSat Solar and SmartOne C are designed for easy deployment without the need for a constant power source. The GSat Solar harnesses solar energy, making it an excellent choice for long-term, low-maintenance tracking. The SmartOne C, on the other hand, operates on replaceable batteries, ensuring flexibility for different use cases where solar charging may not be practical or possible. Their compact form factors also make them easy to install on a variety of asset types, such as shipping containers, vehicles and even animals.

 

Globalstar Tracking Devices

GSat Solar

GSat Solar is an ultra-low power, solar powered tracking device designed to provide long term asset visibility with minimal maintenance. With its solar-powered operation, GSat Solar ensures extended battery life, reducing the need for manual intervention and making it a reliable choice for long term deployments. Its compact and rugged design enhances durability, allowing it to withstand harsh environmental conditions while continuing to deliver accurate location data. The device operates on a scheduled reporting system, providing periodic updates on asset movements, ensuring that businesses can efficiently monitor and manage their assets with ease.

It is an ideal solution for tracking equipment, livestock, and other mobile assets in remote locations, offering a cost-effective option for asset managers who require periodic location updates without the need for constant oversight.

 

Globalstar GSatSolar Device

SmartOne C

SmartOne C is a versatile, battery powered tracking device designed for reliable asset monitoring and is an excellent solution for tracking equipment, trailers, and other valuable assets that require periodic location updates without the need for a wired power source. The device supports configurable reporting intervals, enabling businesses to balance tracking frequency with battery life, ensuring efficient and cost effective asset management.

With its user replaceable batteries, SmartOne C offers flexibility for deployments where solar charging may not be practical, ensuring long-lasting performance in the field. Its durable and rugged design also allows it to withstand tough environmental conditions, making it suitable for use in remote or harsh locations.

Globalstar SmartOne C Side view

Best Use Cases for Globalstar Tracking

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Transport & Logistics

Logistics companies often prioritize cost efficiency, and a device that delivers scheduled location updates is sufficient to confirm that cargo is moving along its intended route. Globalstar trackers are especially valuable for monitoring shipments that traverse remote areas or international borders where terrestrial coverage may be unreliable or unavailable.

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Construction

Theft and unauthorized use are common concerns, making periodic tracking an effective way to ensure assets remain where they should be. Since Globalstar devices operate on long life battery power or solar energy, they provide an ideal solution for tracking assets that lack an onboard power source, reducing maintenance requirements while maintaining visibility.

Mobile-Irrigation-Pump

Agriculture

Farmers rely on mobile infrastructure such as irrigation pumps, fencing, and storage tanks, which are often placed in remote fields or rotational grazing areas. As this type of equipment is rarely moved but remains valuable, periodic tracking provides an affordable alternative to high end, real time tracking solutions.

Mobile-Lighting-Unit

Rental Equipment

Businesses that lease out assets such as portable lighting, sanitation units, storage containers, or temporary fencing, need a way to ensure their equipment remains in designated locations. A tracking device helps mitigate asset loss and facilitates billing verification by providing periodic location reports, ensuring that rented equipment is where it is supposed to be throughout the rental period.

ATV-Seasonal-Vehicle

Seasonal Vehicles

For snowplows, ATVs, or specialized agricultural machinery, continuous tracking is rarely required, making a low cost, long battery-life tracking solution more practical than traditional GPS systems that require frequent recharging. Globalstar devices allow asset owners to periodically check in on vehicle locations, ensuring they have not been moved or stolen during off-seasons.

GSat-Solar-for-Animal-Tracking

Animal Tracking

Ranchers can deploy these devices on cattle to verify herd locations and grazing patterns. Conservationists and researchers can gather movement data. As the devices are built for rugged environments and have extended battery life, they can remain operational for long periods, making them particularly useful for tracking animals in remote or ecologically sensitive areas.

Simplifying Globalstar Tracking & Data Management

Cloudloop Tracking offers a centralized and intuitive interface that streamlines the monitoring and analysis of Globalstar’s location data. Cloudloop Tracking consolidates tracking information from one, or multiple devices, into a single view, allowing for effortless oversight of asset locations at any time.

The platform enables users to configure customizable alerts and reports, ensuring immediate notifications for asset movements, unauthorized relocations, or scheduled status updates. Its secure, scalable cloud storage guarantees that historical records and analytics remain accessible whenever needed, providing valuable insights for long term asset management.

By combining Globalstar’s cost-effective tracking devices with Cloudloop’s robust, cloud-based ecosystem, businesses gain an advanced tool for data visualization, alerting, and reporting. Whether monitoring shipping containers, rental equipment, or livestock, Cloudloop Tracking ensures users have the right insights at their fingertips to make informed decisions.

Cloudloop-Tracking-Screenshots

A Smart Choice for Cost-Effective Tracking

Globalstar tracking devices offer a powerful and economical solution for businesses and organizations requiring scheduled asset monitoring without the overhead of real time tracking. While Globalstar tracking solutions are not ideal for critical, high value assets or applications that demand real time global coverage, the devices offer an excellent balance of affordability and reliability for periodic tracking needs. Whether used for logistics, construction, agriculture, rental services, seasonal asset management, or wildlife monitoring, the Globalstar GSat Solar and SmartOne C devices provide a dependable and efficient way to enhance asset visibility while keeping costs under control.

 

Low-Cost Asset Tracking and Monitoring

If your business needs a cost-effective way to keep tabs on shipping containers, rental equipment, agricultural assets, or even livestock, Globalstar’s GSat Solar and SmartOne C trackers could be the perfect fit.

Equip your assets with reliable, cost-effective tracking solutions powered by Globalstar and seamlessly integrated with Cloudloop. Contact us today to discover how our technology can enhance your asset visibility and security. Complete the form, or email hello@groundcontrol.com.

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